what your coral needs

To help maintain the best health and color of your corals, we have broken down their lighting, current flow, feeding needs, and rated their difficulty to maintain in a reef tank. Also included is additional helpful information about how to successfully keep these animals over the long haul. The information presented here has been translated from its original German and other sources. All information presented is based on the experience of the original authors and may not be yours. It is presented as a simplified information source on commonly found corals in reefkeeping and marine aquariums to help new reefkeepers and aquarists learn and become successful.

KEY to CORAL NEEDS TABLE
CORAL TYPE SPS
Small Polyp
Stony Coral
LPS
Large Polyp
Stony Coral
NPS
Non photosynthetic
Stony Coral
SC
Soft Corals
P
Polyps
Zoa
Zoanthids
LIGHTING L - Low Light Needs. As a rule 1-2 watts/gallon of aquarium volume is sufficient using standard fluorescent lighting with 50/50 mixture of daylight and actinic lighting suggested. M - Moderate Light Needs. Plan for 2 to 4 watts/gallon of aquarium volume using compact Fluorescent Lighting, VHO or T-5 Fluorescent with 50/50 mixture of daylight and actinic lighting suggested. H - High Light Needs. 4-8 of watts/gallon of aquarium volume using a combination of T5 fluorescent tubes, Metal Halide, and HQI illumination along with actinic bulbs in a ratio of 1/3 to1/2 of total system wattage.
CURRENT L- Requires a slow, indirect, regular current flow. Water return from the main filtration not aimed directly at coral is generally sufficient. M – Requires a medium current flow; generally achieved with powerheads bouncing off tank side or rock to create indirect currents. S – Requires a strong current flow generally achieved using powerheads in combination with a wavemaker or surge device. Ensure corals are not directly in the outflow current near the pump.
Int – Requires an intermittent flow. Turb – Requires a turbulent flow
AGGRESSION P – Peaceful, low to none aggressive. M – Moderately aggressive V – Very aggressive
GROWTH VS – Very slow under normal conditions. S – Slow under normal conditions. M – Medium under normal conditions.
F – Fast under normal conditions. + – Growth may be significantly faster under optimal tank conditions.
FEED SIZE/TYPE P – Phytoplankton / dissolved nutrients. T - Tiny such as Rotifers or smaller zooplankton VS – Very Small such as freshly hatched Artemia nauplius or similar.
S – Small such as grown Artemia or Mysis Shrimp. M – Meaty foods such as slivers of silversides, squid. Photo – Observed as photosynthetic only.
DIFFICULTY B – Beginner. Easy to maintain and undemanding, no special feeding needs; tolerate of varying water conditions D – Difficult. For the advanced aquarist. These corals need an established aquarium with stable water values; nitrate under 10mg/liter, and phosphate less than 1 mg/liter.
M – Moderate care requiring more attention and may have specific light, water or feeding needs. E – Expert. Difficult to keep in captivity for any length and should only be kept by the most experienced. Have very special needs, and/or are extremely sensitive.

NEEDS by CORAL TYPE
A B CD E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Scientific and Common Names Type Light Current Aggression Growth Feed Size Difficulty
Acanthastrea Acans, Lords, Lordhowensis LPS M L-M M F T, M B
Notes: Place on bottom. Are voracious nocturnal predators, watch placement and distance between colonies
Acropora Acro species, Super Colored Coral SPS M-H L P M-F T D
Notes: SPS. Pulsing or varying currents ideal. Several species of fish are known to consume or nip at polyps. Subject to infestation by Acro eating flatworms and Tegastes Acroporanus (Red Bugs). Acropora and Montipora corals make up one-third of all reef building coral species.
Actinodiscus Mushroom Coral SC L-M L-M M S P B
Notes: Does not like or need high levels of light
Agaricia Tan Lettuce-Leaf Coral SPS L-M M-H P S-M P D
Notes: Agaricia is a protected coral and one cannot make legal collections of wild specimens. Place in lower to middle sections of the tank, depending on light intensity.
Alcyonium Finger Leather, Colt, Seaman’s, Dead Man’s Fingers or Encrusting Leather Coral SC M L-M P M Photo, P, T B
Notes: Most species are tropical but some are cold water and would require chiller
Alveopora Flowerpot, Daisy, Ball Coral LPS M L-M M S P, S M
Notes: Place in lower to middle sections of the tank, depending on light intensity. May benefit from supplemental feeding with additional meaty and nutritious foods. Very delicate, most don’t survive in aquaria.
Anchor Coral Hammer Coral LPS M M V M-F T M
Notes: Polyps are visible throughout the day and night. Member of Euphyllia genus.
Anthelia Waving Hand or Glove Coral P M-H M-S P M P M
Notes: A group of colonial animals having several individual polyps attached to a piece of solid substrate. Easily damaged by predatory animals and stinging corals.
Astreopora Star Coral SPS M-H M-H P VS P, S M
Notes: Rare coral rarely seen in aquarium trade
Balanophyllia Cup Coral Porous Cup Coral, Orange Coral NPS L L-M M S-M S, M M-D
Notes: Solitary polyps. It is a non-photosynthetic LPS coral, needs to be target fed daily. Place bottom or cave like structures in tank. Tentacles only extend under no or very low light. Strong skimmer is recommended to take care of the nutrient load added by their required feeding.
Blastomussa Blasto, wellsi, merletti LPS L-M L-M P VS S, M B-M
Notes: Place on rock substrate where they do not get excessive light or water flow
Brain Corals Acanthastrea, Platygyra, and Trachyphyllia LPS M L-M P-M M-F T, VS, M B-M
Notes: A common name used to describe several  genera and a multitude of species with varying needs. Please see individual species listings for information.
Briareum Star, Starburst, Eight Tentacle, Mat, or Daisy Polyps P M-H M-S P F P, T B
Notes: Will rapidly grow over adjacent rock work, coral, or aquarium glass
Bubble Coral Plerogyra spp,  Pearl, Bubble, Grape, Octopus, or Pointed Bladder Coral LPS L L-M A M, + T, S, M B
Notes: Has long sweeper tentacles and will sting corals in close proximity or hands. Benefits from feeding when tentacles out  at least weekly. Take care to prevent the bubbles from getting punctured by skeleton.
Button Coral Scolymia sp, Donut, Artichoke or Disk Coral LPS M- M-S M M T B-D
Notes: A round, solitary coral, usually having a single central oral opening. Handle with care so skeleton does not damage the soft flesh. Feeding several times a week with HUFA-fortified feed aids in growth and coloring.
Capnella Kenya Tree, Taro Tree, Cauliflower Soft, or Pineapple Tree Coral SC M-H M-S M F P B
Notes: May be disturbed by presence of other hard corals.
Catalaphyllia Elegance, Ridge or Wonder Coral LPS M L-M A S VS, S M-D
Notes: Bury the base in soft sand or mud, away from rocks and other organisms. Do not place directly under metal halides
Caulastrea Candy Cane Coral, Trumpet, Torch, Candy, or Bullseye Coral LPS M M P M-F T, VS B
Notes: Not recommended to place these corals on the substrate; Direct feed two to three times per week with a pipette.
Cespitularia Blue Xenia P M M P M P, T M
Notes: Will adapt to light emitted by a variety of lighting fixtures ranging. Popular due to vibrant blue coloration.
Chalice Coral Echinophyllia sp, Plate, Scroll or Flat Lettuce Coral LPS L-M L-M M-V S T B-M
Notes: Develops various color patterns. Grows well even with subdued light. Good water quality is very important for growth and health.
Cladiella Cauliflower Colt, Colt or Blushing Coral SC M-H M-S M-V F P M
Notes: Anchor on a good foundation for it to grow well. Secretes mucous to clean its body, avoid keeping next to aggressive aquarium members to reduce mucous secretions; may release toxins that affect stony coral growth.
Clavularia Clove, Glove, Fern, Waving Hand, Eight Tentacle, or Palm Tree Polyps P M M M F+ P B
Notes: Invasive in that it will grow quickly, covering the substrate and everything in its path.
Cynarina Cat’s Eye, Button, Tooth, Teary Eye or Doughnut Coral LPS M L P M P, T, VS B
Notes: Place on bottom of your marine aquarium, on sand. Can be confused with iclose relative, Scolymia. Give adequate room as it can expand to twice its size.
Cyphastrea Lesser Knob Coral, Branching Coral LPS M M P M P, T, VS B-M
Notes: Feed at night when tentacles are out; does need distance between it and other corals.
Dendronephthya Carnation Tree Coral, Cauliflower Soft or Strawberry Soft Coral SC L M-S P S P,T E
Notes: Only expert aquarists should attempt to keep this coral in a well established aquarium.
Dendrophyllia Large Sun, Super Sun, or Large Polyp Sun Coral, Dendros LPS M-S, Int P M T, VS, S B
Notes: Is a non-photosynthetic species, Requires regular feeding. Extends during day.
Diploastrea Moon, Closed or Dimple Brain Coral LPS M M, Int M S T B-M
Notes: Needs indirect, intermittent current. Direct feed two to three times per week with a pipette. Give ample space to extend its sweeper tentacles that may sting nearby corals. Rarely found in the aquarium hobby. Resemble and are related to Favia and Favites.
Discosoma Bullseye Mushroom, Flower Coral, Mushroom or Disc Anemone SC L-M L-M M F P, T B
Notes: Bullseye Mushrooms breed easily and rapidly in a marine aquarium, propagating through longitudinal fission.
Distichopora Fire Coral, Lace Coral, Stylaster Coral NPS L-M M-S, Int P M T, VS, S M-D
Notes: For a well established aquarium. Paces itself upside down in caves or any overhangs.
Duncans Duncanopsammia LPS L L-M P M S, M B-M
Notes: In the Dendrophillia family but are photosynthetic. Prefers to attach to solid objects in soft, sandy areas, benefits from targeted feedings.
Echinophyllia Chalice, Plate, Scroll or Flat Lettuce Coral LPS L-M L-M M-V S T B-M
Notes: Develops various color patterns. Grows well even with subdued light. Good water quality is very important for growth and health.
Echinopora Hedgehog Coral SPS H H + Turb N M T, VS B
Notes: Feed at least once a week. Does not do well in tanks with soft corals as they are very sensitive to the chemicals that these corals produce, even when not close to them.
Elegance Coral Catalaphyllia sp, Ridge or Wonder Coral LPS M L-M A S VS, S M-D
Notes: Bury the base in soft sand or mud, away from rocks and other organisms. Do not place directly under metal halides
Euphyllia Hammer, Torch, Frogspawn or Anchor Coral LPS M-H L-M V M-F T M
Notes: Nettles strongly, keep sufficient distance to other corals. Should not be subjected to direct or heavy water flow as their sharp skeletons can cause tissue damage.
Favia Moon, Pineapple, Closed Brain, Brain Coral LPS M M M-V S P, T B-M
Notes: Direct feed two to three times per week with a pipette. Favia is the largest genus of Faviidae having corallites with separate and distinct walls (plocoid) is what distinguishes it from Favites.
Favites Brain, Pineapple, Moon, or Larger Star Coral LPS M M M-V S P, T B-M
Notes: Direct feed two to three times per week with a pipette. A genus of Faviidae having the walls of the corallites shared or fused.
Frogspawn Wall, Octopus, Grape, or Honey Coral LPS M-H M V M-F T M
Notes: Nettles strongly, keep sufficient distance to other corals.
Fungia Disk,  Plate, Tongue, or Chinaman Hat Coral LPS M L-M P-M S-M T, VS B
Notes: Likes a sandy base. Excretes a heavy mucus coat containing toxin in response to contact. capable of movement and may move itself around a tank.
Galaxea Tooth, Star, Crystal, Starburst, Brittle or Galaxy Coral LPS H M A M T, VS M
Notes: Combat tentacles nettle strongly, but extend less far under good water flow but keep sufficient distance from other corals.
Goniastrea Goniastrea australensis, Honeycomb Coral, Closed Brain Coral LPS M-H M M M P, T M
Notes: Keep sufficient distance from other corals. Filter feeds a few times per week.
Gonipora Flowerpot, Daisy or Ball Coral LPS H M-S A M P, T D
Notes: Have 24 tentacle tips and their corallites have 24 septa; Alveopora corals have 12 each.
Gorgonia See Fans, Sea Spray, Sea Whips SC None-L M-H P-M S-M T, VS D
Notes: SC. Must be fed regularly with zooplankton and other similar sized foods. Need to be attached to the substrate and most require a brisk. Easily over grown by algae. For the established tank and experienced reefkeeper.
Hammer Coral Anchor Coral LPS M M V M-F T M
Notes: Polyps are visible throughout the day and night. Member of Euphyllia genus.
Heliofungia Disk, Mushroom, Chinaman, Fungia Plate, or Tongue Coral LPS L-M M M-V S T, VS, M B-M
Notes: Place directly on aquarium floor on sandy substrate. Is a solitary coral with long tentacles that can damage other corals. Will move around the tank. Genus contains long and short tentacle species. Feed several times a week. If wounded it means probable death for the coral.
Herpolitha Tongue, Slipper, Mole, Striate Boomerang Coral LPS M L-M M S-M T, VS, M M
Notes: Placed on a soft or rubble-covered bottom. Can move around. Has a prominent central groove down the middle, called an axial furrow. Largest of all the solitary corals. Similar in appearance to the Polyphyllia but has deeper central furrow and less tentacles.
Hydnophora Horn, Velvet Horn, Thorny, or Knob Coral SPS M-H M-S V F T M
Notes: Direct feed two to three times per week with a pipette. Keep well away from other corals in the tank.
Kenya Tree Capnella sp, Taro Tree, or Pineapple Tree Coral SC M-H M-S M F P B
Notes: May be disturbed by presence of other hard corals.
Leather Coral Sarcophyton sp, Toad Stool SC M M-S P M P, T B
Notes: Feed phytoplankton several times a week.
Lemnalia Tree, Paralemnia, Finger Leather, Branch or Cauliflower Coral SC M-H M-S V M P M
Notes: Feed three times per week with phytoplankton. Does give off chemical toxins to ward off encroaching corals
Lepastrea Crater Coral LPS M M M M P B-M
Notes: Strongly fluorescent under actinic lighting.
Leptoseris Leaf or Lettuce Coral SPS L-M M M M T D
Notes: Can benefit from feeding micro-plankton or baby brine shrimp
Lobophyllia Lobed, Colored, Carpet, Flat, Open Brain, Meat, Modern or Large Flower Coral LPS M-H M M M T, VS B
Notes: Feed several times a week with fortified feed.
Merulina Ruffled Coral SPS M-H M P S-M T D
Notes: Direct feed two to three times per week with a pipette. Difficult to care for. Do better in well-feed reef tanks
Micromussa Micro Coral LPS L-M M P M T, VS D
Notes: A newer genus just described in the later 1900′s
Montastraea Boulder or Star Boulder Coral LPS M M M-V S-M T D
Notes: Tend to produce a lot of clear mucus.
Millepora Fire, Stinging, Box, Bladed Fire, Wello Fire, or Branching Fire Coral SC H S, Turb V F P, T, VS M-D
Notes: Have a potent sting and gloves need to be worn when handling! Are very aggressive and will grow toward, encrust, and take over other corals (especially Gorgonians. Keep at least 6" from other corals and main rock formations.
Montipora Velvet Branch or Velvet Finger SPS M M-S P M-F T M-D
Notes: Very dependent on good water values and sufficient calcium, carbonates, and magnesium. Is considered easiest of the SPS corals to care for. Once established, they are quite hardy and fast growing.
Moseleya no other names LPS M L-M M S-M P, T M
Notes: Each corallite is large and cup-shaped and will usually form around one central and larger corallite.
Mushrooms Actinodiscus, Dicosoma, Ricordea SC L-M L-M M S-F P, T B-M
Notes: Name often used for corals in these genus
Mycedium Green Eyed Cup, Elephant Nose, Peacock or Chinese Lettuce Coral LPS M M P-M S-M T M-D
Notes: eeding several times a week with HUFA-fortified feed aids in growth and coloring. Should be placed or mounted vertically. Form long stinging sweeper tentacles at night so place away from other corals.
Nemenzophyllia Fox, Jasmine, or Ridge Coral LPS L-M L P M T B-M
Notes: Feed three times per week with a pipette. A fleshy coral so make sure the colony is firmly secured into position to avoid damage from bumps or falls.
Neospongodes Green Carnation Tree SC M-H M-S A M P, T M
Notes: Color highly dependant upon lighting, the more intense the more yellow
Nephthea Neon Green Palau Nephthea SC M M-S P M P, T B
Notes: Direct feed 2-3 times per week with phytoplankton.
Nephthyigorgia Chili, Strawberry, Chili Cactus, Red Chili, or Red Finger Soft Coral, Chili Sponge, and Devil’s Hand SC L M-S P M P, T M
Notes: Place underneath live rock overhangs.
Oulophyllia Deep Walled Maze Brain, or Closed Brain Coral LPS M-H M-H M M T M
Notes: Similar to Platygyra species
Oxypora Chalice Coral LPS L-M L-M P S T D
Notes: Feeding several times a week with HUFA-fortified feed aids in growth and coloring.
Pachyclavularia Green Star, Starburst, Mat, Daisy, or Eight Tentacle polyps P M-H M-S P M-F P B
Notes: Its encrusting growth pattern can cause it to rapidly encroach on rock work, aquarium glass, and coral neighbors.
Pachyseris Elephant Skin, Corduroy, or Castle Coral LPS H H P S-M P, T M-D
Notes: Does not have any visible polyps or tentacles. Requires the addition of calcium, strontium, and other trace elements to the water
Palythoa Button or Moon Polyps, Sea Mat P M M-H M F, + T, VS B
Notes: Place in an area where they will not encroach on nearby corals, especially stony corals
Parazoanthus Yellow Polyps Zoa M L-M M M T B
Notes: Usually placed near the bottom of the tank. Occasional feeding of small meaty foods like brine shrimp is beneficial.
Pavona Maldive, Potato Chip, Encrusting Star or Leaf Coral SPS M-H S M S-M T M-D
Notes: Pavona maldivensis is a unique species within the Pavona genus
Pectinia Spiny Cup Coral LPS M M P S-M P, T D-E
Notes: Benefits from supplemental zooplankton feedings.
Physogyra Bubble, Pearl, Pearl Bubble, Grape, Octopus, or Pointed Bladder Coral LPS L L-M A M, + T, S, M B
Notes: Has long sweeper tentacles and will sting corals in close proximity or hands. Benefits from feeding when tentacles out  at least weekly. Take care to prevent the bubbles from getting punctured by skeleton. Leather corals emit a toxin that can harm them.
Plate Coral Fungia sp, Disk, Mushroom, Tongue, or Chinaman Hat Coral LPS M L-M P-M S-M T, VS B
Notes: Likes a sandy base. Excretes a heavy mucus coat containing toxin in response to contact. capable of movement and may move itself around a tank.
Plerogyra Bubble, Pearl Bubble, or Pearl Coral LPS L L-M A M, + T, S, M B
Notes: Has long sweeper tentacles and will sting corals in close proximity or hands. Benefits from feeding when tentacles out  at least weekly. Take care to prevent the bubbles from getting punctured by skeleton. Leather corals emit a toxin that can harm them.
Platygyra Brain Worm, Maze Brain, Brain, Closed Brain, or Bowl Coral LPS M M M M T, VS, M B
Notes: Susceptible to necrotic tissue loss from stress or bleaching
Pocillipora Cauliflower, Raspberry, Lace or Birdsnest Coral SPS H S, turb M M T, VS, M M
Notes: Have short sweeper tentacles that will sting nearby corals. Can quickly encroach on nearby corals. Need a strong water flow and dissolved nutrients
Porites Christmas Tree Worm Rock, Encrusting Boulder Coral SPS H S P S P M
Notes: Christmas Tree Rock have symbiotic colorful Christmas Tree or Fan Worms that bore into their skeletons. Often shed outer surface layer to get rid of wastes and algae.
Protopalythoa Button Polyps, Sea Matt P M M-H M F T, VS B
Notes: Polyps on the ends of stalks instead of embedded in the mat; most produce poison palytoxin
Psammocora Pillar, Green Stony Pillar , Branched Sandpaper or Dark Green Contigua Coral SPS M M-S P M P B
Notes: Prefers full spectrum lighting. Due to peaceful nature position away from any level aggressive corals.
Ricordea Mushroom, Ricordea Mushroom, False Coral, Corallimorpharian SC L-M L M M P, S M
Notes: Come in variety of colors and brilliance. Adaptable to variety of lighting conditions but care required with metal halide lighting
Sarcophyton Leather Coral, Toad Stool SC M M-S P M P, T B
Notes: Feed phytoplankton several times a week.
Scolymia Button, Donut, Artichoke or Disk Coral LPS M- M-S M M T B-D
Notes: A round, solitary coral, usually having a single central oral opening. Handle with care so skeleton does not damage the soft flesh. Feeding several times a week with HUFA-fortified feed aids in growth and coloring.
Seriatopora Birds Nest, Needle, or Brush Coral SPS H S P F, VF T M-D
Notes: Color and shape vary, depending on the conditions under which the colony was grown. Dependent on very good water quality and sufficient calcium, carbonates, and magnesium to maintain growth.
Siderastrea Starlet, Lesser Starlet, Round Starlet or Pink Starlet Coral SC M M M-F P, T B-M
Notes: Rare to find a offered for sale in the aquarium trade.
Sinularia Finger Leather, Spaghetti Leather Coral SC M-H M M M-F P, T B-M
Notes: Can grow quickly and may overcome some less aggressive colonies and can release chemicals into the water in their competition for space. Can benefit from additional food for filter feeding invertebrates.
Stereonephthya Red Tip Tree, Cauliflower, or Strawberry Tree Coral SC M M-S P M T, V M
Notes: Found in a variety of colors with red, purple or orange the most common.
Stylaster California Hydrocoral, Lace, Rose Lace, or Fire Coral HC l S, & Linear M M P, T E
Notes: Are deep water species and need cooler tanks, dim lighting, and regular micro-plankton feeding. Do not have the potent sting of close relative, the Millepora Fire Coral.
Stylocoeniella Thorn Coral SPS M-H M P M-F P, T M
Notes: Relatively new and unknown in reef aquaria, encrusting
Stylophora Cat’s Paw or Club Finger Coral SPS H S M M-F T M-D
Notes: Dependent on very good water quality and sufficient calcium, carbonates, and magnesium to maintain growth.
Sun Coral Tubastrea sp, Tube Coral LPS L M P M T, VS D-E
Notes: One the few corals that does not contain a symbiotic algae. Requires feeding several times a week with HUFA-fortified feed from an eye dropper directly to each one of its polyps. Can be quite fragile and must be handled with extra care
Symphyllia Dented Brain Coral LPS M L-M M M T, VS B-D
Notes: Feeding several times a week with HUFA-fortified feed aids in growth and coloring. Can expand in size and secured firmly in place to prevent toppling.
Toad Stool Sarcophyton sp, Leather Coral SC M M-S P M P, T B
Notes: Feed phytoplankton several times a week.
Torch Coral Trumpet or Pom Pom Coral LPS M M A M T, VS M
Notes: Sweeper tentacles can extend out several inches from its base and sting other coral species. Member of Euphyllia genus
Trachyphyllia Folded Brain or Crater Coral, Trachs or Trachys LPS M M M M T, VS M
Notes: Placing in the aquarium so that nothing will damage the soft tissue, bottom of tank on sandy substrate ideal. Fuoresce brightly under actinic lighting
Tubastrea Tube Coral, Sun Coral LPS L M P M T, VS B-D
Notes: One the few corals that does not contain a symbiotic algae. Requires feeding several times a week with HUFA-fortified feed sfrom an eye dropper directly to each one of its polyps. Can be quite fragile and must be handled with extra care
Turbinaria Cup, Scroll, Vase or Bowl Coral SPS M M P M T, M B-D
Notes: Position so as not to collect debris on the surface. Will feed on meaty foods.
Wellsophyllia Pacific Rose, Flat Brain, Open Brain, Welso LPS M M M M T, VS B-D
Notes: Placing in the aquarium so that nothing will damage the soft tissue, bottom of tank on sandy substrate ideal. Their irregular round shape, deep valleys, fused walls with numerous folds originally identified Wellsophyllia corals as separate from Trachyphyllia corals. Now  referred to as Trachyphyllia radiata
Xenia Pulse Corals SC M M P F P B-D
Notes: Can quickly overgrow an area. Needs organics in the the water column from either fish or a mature sand bed. Smells bad when removed from the water
Zoanthid Zoas, Button or Stick Polyps, Sea Mats, Colonial Anemones Zoa M-H L-M M F Y, VS B
Notes: Very good for beginners. Zoanthid is basically a catch-all term used for all cnidarians in the order Zoantharia

Sources Materials From:
Marine Direct (German)
Animal World Marine and Reef Aquarium References
Coral Finder A-Z
Reefs.org